ウクライナ戦争で双方が大きな人的損害を出しながら、ロシアが圧倒的に優勢です。
マリウポリはアゾフスタルの封鎖が続きますが、市内は解放されました。
ロシア軍・ドンバス軍は西に進軍。
米・NATOが供与した武器について、ロシア軍はオデッサへ輸送中の航空機を一回撃墜、さらに空港近くの保管庫を爆撃して武器の供給を断っています。
米・NATOは、大量殺戮兵器、化学兵器、生物兵器、核兵器を使用することを検討中のようで、オデッサではアンプルを詰め込んだ容器がドローンによって投下されたと伝えられています。
核兵器については、戦術核兵器を国境近くで使用する可能性が指摘されています。戦術核兵器は、通常兵器の延長線にあるものとして敵軍の部隊や陣地などの軍事目標を攻撃する小型の核兵器です。
米国らは、ロシアが戦術核兵器を使う可能性があるとしてきましたが、戦闘の現状からしてロシアにその必要性はなく、使うとしたら米・NATO・ウクライナ側です。
戦術核兵器が使われると、破裂による爆風、熱線などの直接的な影響が及ぶ範囲は狭くても、放出された放射性物質は地球規模で影響を及ぼします。
私設リアルタイム測定システムのメンテナンスに気を付けることにしました。日本への影響を監視するには、まず
ただいまの空間線量率 変動状況のグラフが有用と思います。
米・NATO・ウクライナ側が戦術核兵器を使う場所がどこになるかはわかりませんが、ロシア兵の集積場所が優先的な候補になりますから、マリウポリ、アゾフスタルということになるかもしれません。
マリウポリは、北緯47.08。極東ではサハリン州のユージのサハリンスク46.97とほぼ同じです。
US plans to accuse Russia of using nukes in Ukraine – MoscowThe Russian Defense Ministry says Washington wants to use weapons of mass destruction to frame Moscow
Russia has accused the US of planning to use weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Ukraine in order to frame Moscow. The US is preparing “a provocation aimed at accusing the Russian armed forces of using chemical, biological, or tactical nuclear weapons,” Lieutenant General Igor Kirillov, the head of the Russian Radiation, Chemical and Biological Protection Force, said on Saturday.
ロシアは、米国がモスクワを陥れるためにウクライナで大量破壊兵器(WMD)の使用を計画していると非難している。ロシア放射線・化学・生物防護部隊の長であるイーゴリ・キリロフ中将は、土曜日に、アメリカは「ロシア軍が化学・生物・戦術核兵器を使用したと非難することを目的とした挑発行為」を準備していると述べた。
According to Kirillov, the supposed plans include “three scenarios.” The most probable scenario, he said, is a false-flag attack on civilians, or “an act of sabotage on Ukrainians sites, which were involved in the development of the components of weapons of mass destruction.”
キリロフ氏によれば、想定される計画には「3つのシナリオ」があるという。最も可能性の高いシナリオは、民間人への偽旗攻撃、あるいは「大量破壊兵器の部品開発に関与していたウクライナの施設への破壊工作」であるという。
Kirillov claimed that the potential targets are the Zaporozhskaya Nuclear Power Station, which has been controlled by Russia since early March, and the site of a former chemical plant in Kamenskoye in eastern Ukraine.
キリロフ氏は、3月上旬からロシアが支配しているザポロジスカヤ原子力発電所や、ウクライナ東部のカメンスコエにある化学工場跡地が標的となる可能性があると主張した。
RBC Ukraina media outlet reported last year that the plant in Kamenskoye was used for uranium enrichment in Soviet times and still contains nuclear waste. Kirillov said the Russian Defense Ministry obtained a document which shows that the facilities there are in critical condition.
RBCウクライナメディアは昨年、カメンスコエの工場はソ連時代にウラン濃縮に使用され、今も核廃棄物が残っていると報じた。キリロフ氏によると、ロシア国防省はそこの施設が危機的状況にあることを示す文書を入手したとのことである。
The second option mentioned by Kirillov involves “discreetly” using WMDs “in small quantities.” He claimed that the Pentagon initially planned to deploy WMDs in Azovstal, a large steel mill in the Azov Sea port of Mariupol.
キリロフ氏が挙げた2つ目の選択肢は、大量破壊兵器を「目立たないように」「少量ずつ」使用することである。彼は、米国防総省が当初、アゾフ海のマリウポリ港にある大規模な製鉄所、アゾフスタルに大量破壊兵器を配備する計画だったと主張した。
While Russian and Donbass troops largely control the city, a handful of Ukrainian troops and civilians remain holed up in the mill, mostly underground. On Thursday, Russian President Vladimir Putin called off the assault on the mill, opting for a blockade instead.
The last option is what Kirillov called “an open use of WMDs on the battlefield.” He said it could be used in the Donbass towns of Slavyansk and Kramatorsk, which are close to the frontline and controlled by Kiev. Kirillov called this scenario “the least probable.”
最後の選択肢は、キリロフが「戦場での大量破壊兵器の公然使用」と呼ぶものだ。キエフが支配するドンバスのスラビャンスクとクラマトルスクという前線に近い町で使用される可能性があるという。キリロフ氏はこのシナリオを "最も可能性が低い "とした。
The general said that last month, Russian intelligence services found three spray drones in Ukraine’s southern Kherson Region. He argued that the UAVs could be used to spray “biological agents and toxic chemicals.” Kirillov claimed that vials with an unknown substance were airdropped on Thursday on Russian troops. The vials are being studied by the Defense Ministry, he said.
Kirillov noted that Russia disposed of all of its chemical weapons in 2017, while the Soviet Union scrapped its biological weapons program in 1972.
Moscow previously claimed that Ukraine had maintained US-funded biological weapons research programs, citing what it said were documents from the country’s several laboratories. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky strongly denied these allegations, saying the labs were only conducting “ordinary scientific research.”
In an interview aired on CNN last week, Zelensky said “all countries have to be worried” that Russia might use nuclear or chemical weapons.
Izumi Nakamitsu, the UN’s top disarmament official, said last month that the organization was “not aware” of any biological weapons programs in Ukraine.
In March, US diplomat Victoria Nuland testified before the Senate that the US was working with Kiev “to ensure that the materials of biological research do not fall into the hands of Russian forces.” The State Department, however, said the allegations of the US and Kiev conducting “chemical and biological weapons activities in Ukraine” were “outright lies.”
スコットリッターの投稿記事です。複雑な問題を平易な英語で書いています。本当に問題を理解した人の論稿はこうなります。機械翻訳で正しい日本語になります。
A Russian nuclear strike in Ukraine: How likely is it?The threat of Moscow nuking Ukraine is virtually zero – but irresponsible actions by NATO may increase the nuclear danger to Europe
The director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), William Burns, made headlines recently while answering questions from reporters about the threat posed by Russian nuclear weapons within the context of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. “Given the potential desperation of President [Vladimir] Putin and the Russian leadership, given the setbacks that they’ve faced so far militarily, none of us can take lightly the threat posed by a potential resort to tactical nuclear weapons or low-yield nuclear weapons,” Burns said.
Burns’ statements were derived from a fact-set being promulgated by Ukraine, the US and the Western media which holds that Russia has suffered serious setbacks in Ukraine and is desperate to salvage the military situation on the ground. Russia disputes this assessment, holding that what it calls the “special military operation” in Ukraine is proceeding according to plan, having transitioned into its second phase, which focuses on the destruction of Ukrainian military forces in and around the Donbass region.
Burns himself was unable to provide any concrete evidence to back up his claims about the possibility of Russia using nuclear weapons in Ukraine. “While we’ve seen some rhetorical posturing on the part of the Kremlin about moving to higher nuclear alert levels, so far we haven’t seen a lot of practical evidence of the kind of deployments or military dispositions that would reinforce that concern,” Burns said. “But we watch for that very intently, it’s one of our most important responsibilities at the CIA.”
Burns’ exaggerated and unfounded concerns were put front and center on the international stage by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky when answering a question posed by a CNN reporter about the potential for Russia using nuclear weapons in Ukraine. “We shouldn’t wait for the moment when Russia decides to use nuclear weapons,” Zelensky replied. “We must prepare for that.”
Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov was dismissive of Zelensky’s analysis of Burns’ remarks. “[Zelensky] says many things,” Lavrov said, speaking to a reporter during his recent visit to India. “I cannot comment [on] something, which a not very adequate person pronounces.”
Lavrov noted that the US and Russia had, during the June 2021 Summit between US President Joe Biden and Russian President Vladimir Putin, reiterated the Cold War-era understanding that “there could be no winners in a nuclear war,” a statement which was adopted by the Permanent Five members of the Security Council (Russia, the US, China, France, and Great Britain) in January 2022. Lavrov emphasized the fact that this statement remained in full effect, and that Russia would only use conventional weapons in Ukraine.
The statements by Burns and Zelensky, magnified as they have been by a Western media more interested in creating sensational headlines than understanding the reality of the situation regarding Russian nuclear posture, is part and parcel of an overall public relations strategy designed to paint Russia, and its nuclear weapons, as representing an existential threat to world peace.
Russia, and in particular its leader, Vladimir Putin, has left no doubt as to the reality of Russia’s nuclear deterrent capability. Indeed, Putin, when announcing the start of the operation, raised the specter of Russia’s nuclear power status when warning the US, NATO, and the EU not to intervene directly in Ukraine. “Whoever tries to interfere with us, and even more so, to create threats for our country, for our people, should know that Russia’s response will be immediate and will lead you to such consequences that you have never experienced in your history.”
Putin followed that statement up with a more pointed response to what he termed the “unfriendly” actions of “Western countries” in response to the Ukrainian operation. “Western countries aren’t only taking unfriendly actions against our country in the economic sphere, but top officials from leading NATO members have made aggressive statements regarding our country,” Putin said during a meeting with his top officials. He then directed that Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu and the chief of the military’s General Staff, Valery Gerasimov, place Russia’s nuclear deterrent forces in a “special regime of combat duty.”
While anti-Russian pundits in the West jumped on Putin’s directive as an order to elevate the operational readiness of Russia’s nuclear arsenal, the reality is far different – Putin’s orders most likely simply increased the communications capability of the various command and control functions related to Russia’s strategic nuclear forces, with no change in the operational readiness of any frontline nuclear units.
欧米の反ロシア派は、プーチンの指示をロシアの核兵器の運用態勢を強化するための命令と受け止めたが、現実は大きく異なる。プーチンの命令は、ロシアの戦略核戦力に関するさまざまな指揮統制機能の通信能力を高めるだけで、前線の核部隊の運用態勢に変化はない可能性が高いのだ。
The ability of the West to overact to any news about Russia’s nuclear arsenal displays a deep-seated lack of understanding as to what Russia’s posture is, and under what circumstances its nukes might be used. While such uncertainty may have been understandable in the past,
on June 2, 2022, Russia – for the first time in its 30-year history – released to the public a document, “Basic Principles of State Policy of the Russian Federation on Nuclear Deterrence,” which explains Russia’s nuclear war fighting policy.
The Russian “Basic Principles” make clear that nuclear weapons are viewed “exclusively as a means of deterrence,” the use of which could only take place as “an extreme and compelled measure.” Russia’s strategic nuclear forces are organized so that there is “the inevitability of retaliation” in the event of nuclear attack on Russia and that these forces were designed to inflict “guaranteed unacceptable damage” on any potential adversary – in short, any nation on the receiving end of Russia’s nuclear arsenal would cease to exist as a modern state with a functioning society.
The nuclear posture document details Russia’s “launch on warning” posture, noting that Russia would launch its nuclear weapons if it received “reliable data on a launch of ballistic missiles attacking the territory of Russia and/or its allies.” Russia would also retaliate if nuclear weapons were used against Russia and/or its allies.
The document also outlined two non-nuclear scenarios where Russia would retaliate using nuclear weapons. The first involves an attack by an adversary against critical governmental or military sites of Russia, the disruption of which would undermine nuclear force response actions (i.e. a so-called decapitation strike against the political and military leadership). The second involves any aggression against Russia with the use of conventional weapons when the very existence of the state is in jeopardy.
As Sergey Lavrov pointed out in his statement to the Indian press, none of the conditions set forth in the “Basic Principles” document apply to the current situation in Ukraine.
This does not, however, mean that the Ukraine conflict has not resulted in elevating the nuclear temperature in Europe – far from it. In Sweden, support for joining NATO is growing, and Finland could be filing an application for membership within weeks. If the US-led bloc expands to these two countries, it may be a case for a potential military response by Russia – or at least a boosted build-up of Russian forces. According to Dmitry Medvedev, a former president and prime minister who currently advises President Putin on national security matters, if either Sweden or Finland were to join NATO, “it will no longer be possible to talk about any nuclear-free status of the Baltic – the balance must be restored.”
Medvedev noted that “Russia has not taken such measures and was not going to,” but added that “if our hand is forced, well… take note it wasn’t us who proposed this.”
The talk of Sweden and/or Finland joining NATO comes on the heels of a concerted effort by the bloc to deploy nuclear-capable F-35A fighters. “We’re moving fast and furiously towards F-35 modernization and incorporating those into our planning and into our exercising and things like that as those capabilities come online,” Jessica Cox, the director of the NATO nuclear policy directorate in Brussels, declared recently. “By the end of the decade, most if not all of our allies will have transitioned” to the F-35, Cox said.
NATO reveals new European nuclear plans
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NATO reveals new European nuclear plans
The F-35A was certified as a nuclear capable aircraft in October 2021, having been tested using B-61 nuclear bombs. The US maintains a stockpile of some 150 B-61 nuclear bombs at various depots throughout Europe. These weapons are intended to be used by both the US and so-called “non-nuclear” members of NATO. Indeed, Cox had specifically noted that other NATO allies currently operating the F-35, such as Poland, Denmark, and Norway, might be called upon to support NATO nuclear sharing missions in the future. Finland has recently announced that it intends to purchase 60 F-35A fighters, a move that can only be seen as worrisome by Russia considering Finland’s stated desire to join NATO.
The extensive use by the US and other NATO air forces of the F-35A in support of the so-called “Baltic air policing” operation ongoing over the skies of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania, is seen by Russia as representing a serious threat, given that every F-35A in the air must be treated as a potential nuclear-armed threat.
Jessica Cox and the other proponents of the F-35A fighter – including Finland – would do well to reflect on the fact that the Russian “Basic Principles” list the “deployment of nuclear weapons and their delivery means in the territories of non-nuclear weapon states” as one of the scenarios “to be neutralized by the implementation of nuclear deterrence.”
ジェシカ・コックス氏やフィンランドを含むF-35A戦闘機推進派は、ロシアの「基本原則」が「核抑止力の実施によって無力化すべきシナリオ」の一つとして「非核兵器国の領土への核兵器とその運搬手段の配備」を挙げていることを反省した方がいいのではないか。
Russia may not be preparing to use nuclear weapons in Ukraine. However, NATO’s irresponsible posturing may result in increasing the potential for Russian nuclear weapons to be used in Europe.
ロシアはウクライナで核兵器を使用する準備はしていないかもしれない。しかし、NATOの無責任な態度は、ロシアの核兵器が欧州で使用される可能性を高める結果になりかねない。